Heat Treatment of Stainless Steel
Stainless steel is one of the most widely used alloys in metal casting — prized for its strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion. But unlike other metals, the end of the casting process does not necessarily mean the product or component is market-ready. Heat treatment after stainless steel casting is often required to achieve the desired qualities of the finished product. Depending on its ultimate use and purpose, the “finished” casts may be treated with one of several types of heat processes:
- Annealing and Normalizing
- Austenitizing and Tempering
- Quenching and Beyond
By heating and cooling the cast metal at different rates, the mechanical properties of the metal can be modified to meet the standards for a product in any industry.
Stainless Steel Heat Treatment Begins with Soaking
Soaking is the foundation for all heat treatments. Through soaking, the metal is brought to the temperature where the crystals in the cast metal are made to melt and re-form. This process makes the metal less brittle and helps to reduce the risk of cracking and distortion.
Annealing and Normalizing
After soaking, one further option to transform the cast stainless steel into its final form is annealing. Once brought to the proper recrystallization temperature, the metal is allowed to cool slowly and gently within the furnace. This controlled drop in temperature ensures a finished product that is uniform throughout, with few internal stresses. Annealing generally produces metal that is very soft and malleable, with good tensile strength and elongation.
Normalizing metal is a similar process to annealing, but in this case, the cast is removed from the furnace and allowed to cool in the atmosphere. The irregular cooling pattern that normalizing produces generally creates a finished metal that is stronger and harder than annealed metal.
Austenitizing and Tempering
Volume changes occur when steel is heated to the austenitization temperature prior to quenching and tempering. Austenitization requires careful planning to avoid thermal damage, and tempering can be used for low alloyed steels.
Tempering is a process that can be applied to quenched metals in order to achieve a balance of hardness and malleability. Since the quenching process often produces brittleness, tempering is useful in maintaining the strength of the product while introducing some elasticity to ease any stresses that may be present within the molecular structure of the metal.
Quenching and Beyond
If the goal is to produce metal components with a high degree of hardness, quenching is the right process with which to follow soaking. Quenching involves bringing the temperature up to its recrystallization point and then rapidly cooling it to halt the melting process. By using chilled air, oil, or water, the metal is essentially cold-shocked into a state of molecular redistribution to achieve full hardness.
Guidelines for the Heat Treatment of Stainless Steel
At KICastings, we follow all recommended austenitizing temperatures, time, and furnace loading guidelines according to steel type and industry standards. For high allow steels, we follow heat treatment practices for solutionizing with high-temperature heat treatments.
Contact Us
Many products require a precise combination of heat treatments to achieve the ideal consistency for their intended purposes. Our experts can guide you through the process to meet the exact specifications your product requires. Our stainless steel foundry has produced thousands of steel castings for the transportation industry, firearms, electrical, hardware, and industrial industries.
